![]() The goal of this geographic assessment is to stimulate these long overdue efforts.Akimel O’Otham Pee Posh Charter School and Blackwater Community School is located on the Gila River Indian Reservation southeast of Phoenix, AZ. The reservation is 583,748 square miles and consists of seven distinct districts with a population of 11,257 (2000 Census). The reservation has two distinct tribes the Akimel O’Otham (River People – Pima Indians and Pee Posh (Maricopa Indians). More importantly, is the historical status of this tribe which traces its ancestry to the Hohokam Indians which inhabited the Gila River Basin beginning in 300 B.C. Once California specialists are convinced of the probabilities of pre-mission pestilence, they may be motivated to more confidently search for new evidence of its arrival and reevaluate the old. This examination will trace the routes which may have channeled exotic diseases into pre-mission California and illuminate the dispersal mechanisms that transported them. In addition, the perception of California's geographic immunity will be revealed as unwarranted owing to the multiple pathways available for conveyance of microbial infection into the state. ![]() The purpose of this paper is to show that California was in close and intimate proximity to the germs and vectors required for pre-mission pestilence. It was a post-Columbian process that not only threatened native patterns of land and life in California before 1769, but also cast doubt on some long-standing assumptions concerning the nature of the state's aboriginal dwellers after missionization. ![]() ![]() What is neither appreciated nor generally accepted is that the holocaust initiated by Europeans upon California's peoples, cultures, and environments may have begun during the two and a half centuries preceding the laying of the foundations of Mission San Diego. Old World diseases are credited as the chief agencies of native destruction in California only after the establishment of the first mission in San Diego in 1769. ![]()
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